gentrification in cypress hills brooklyn

The worst decline is in Northwest Black Brooklyn where the percentage of these households has declined from 46.4 in 1980 to 22.8% in 2018. While there are declines in indices of racial segregation, these declines are frequently marginal, especially when the increase in the number of whites in Black neighborhoods is taken into consideration. Greed has just taken over.. In the beginning, this research was mostly about the relationship between broken windows policing and stop and frisk. 1). Its not solidarity work. To demonstrator's repeated chants of, "Hey, hey, ho, ho Quic Evic has got [] Source: American Community Survey of 2018, Race and ethnicity in Northwest Black Brooklyn, 19402018. Rego Park saw $143 million in deals, which was down from the . My plan would be to live in one unit, and rent out the other unit. Harlem as setting and symbol (pp. Almost 90% of Blacks still live in Black Brooklyn (Fig. Fighting to Protect East New York and Cypress Hills from Gentrification . A Brooklyn-based real estate developer has submitted a proposal to rezone a four-block area at bustling Broadway Junction and surround the transit hub's elevated subway tracks with mixed-use towers reaching up to 455 feet. The council member, who has worked to stem out-of-scale development in the Brooklyn community of Bushwick, denounced micro-developments such as bodegas turning to coffee shops and increased bike lanes. Whites kept on moving out from undesirable neighborhoods that had originally received the worst grades from the HOLC, because holding on to devalued properties in continuously declining neighborhoods made little economic sense; instead moving to a more desirable part of Brooklyn or the suburbs meant that they could obtain government-guaranteed mortgages in neighborhoods where property values were increasing. I Live in This Neighborhood Too, Though: the Psychosocial Effects of Gentrification on Low-Income Black Men Living in Washington, D.C. Whose Turf, whose Town? Program in American Studies, Department of Political and Cultural Studies, Swansea University, Swansea, UK, You can also search for this author in Whats happened to the people who called Brooklyn their home and have been displaced or replaced because of gentrification? By August 2021, the median asking rent in Brooklyn had nearly returned to a pre-pandemic high, according to StreetEasy data. Isolation index of Blacks (in relation to whites) at the census tract level, 19702018. The monetary figures are those of 2000 and are not adjusted for inflation ($1 in 2000 is approximately $1.49 in 2020). Source: U.S. Census Surveys, 19702000, and Five-Year American Community Surveys, 20092018. This article explores the relationship between gentrification and racial segregation in Brooklyn, New York with an emphasis on Black Brooklyn. While this was the case when the Brownsville Houses opened in 1948, Robert Moses who was in charge of slum clearance and the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) had other plans. Cypress Hills is the only section of East New York that has a majority Hispanic community, with 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents and 5,000 to 9,999 Black residents. Sociologists and other social scientists have concluded that American metropolitan areas remained hyper-segregated for most of the twentieth century with Black residents being racially isolated and clustered together in certain geographical parts (Logan 2013; Logan et al. Map of Brooklyn indicating the percentage of Blacks in each census tract in 2000. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Third, the census tracts and the neighborhoods that comprise Black Brooklyn are contiguous. One day, I would like to see us move beyond just struggling and be able to enjoy the fruits of all that struggle, she says. This is your first of three free stories this month. 20). This process can disrupt the traditional makeup of a neighborhood with the influx of wealthier people moving into downtrodden, largely minority, urban neighborhoods. White rage: The unspoken truth of our racial divide. Questions? and East New York, Cypress Hills area has been showing some very affordable multi-families. Median household income in each census tract of Black Brooklyn in 2000. By the mid-1970s, most of Black Brooklyn (Fig. New York: New Day. Brooklyn (which is part of New York City) has more African American residents than any city in the USA except for New York and Chicago. New York: Oxford University Press. Moses built even more public housing projects in Brownsville, which became one of the neighborhoods with the largest concentration of public housing in the USA. Downtown Brooklyn and its environs also became the focus of transnational investment with thousands of luxury condominiums being built in the area (Chronopoulos 2016). The changes in the interaction index of whites with Blacks are not promising. Even then, the numbers of Black people in Northwest and North Black Brooklyn are precipitously declining. Source: U.S. Census Survey, 2000, Map of Black Brooklyn indicating the percentage of Blacks in each census tract in 2018. As African Americans lived in the worst housing in Brownsville, local activists lobbied for public housing in the area, though they wanted this housing to be integrated. Redlined neighborhoods were generally excluded from the mortgage market and properties in these areas were devalued (Wilder 2000). Its a trickle-down effect, says Rivera. 7 and 8). Anyone investing in Cypress Hills/East NY Brooklyn? Since its founding in 2015, the Coalition has advocated tirelessly and mobilized the community to advocate for safe, affordable housing, tenant protections against displacement, living-wage jobs and better services to our community. While the new attention on mutual aid and community care was excitingand long overdueE4Fs actions are intentional in prioritizing the strength and resilience of our people, not the deficits, including being selective about which fundraisers to participate in and where it receives money. For example, in West and North Brooklyn where there are very few African Americans residing, the dissimilarity index is 52.7. The sprawling Highland Park is . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. According to Pritchett (2002), the Blacks and whites (mostly Jews) of Brownsville were determined to avoid racial conflict and tried to improve their community. Brooklyn - New York security map and area description folder, RG 195, box 58, Home Owners Loan Corporation, National Archives. Photograph by Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images 1, 2, and 3). Since 2000, this has changed. Each evening I saw a large group of police officers walking from the police precinct on Ralph Avenue toward Malcolm X Boulevard. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar. At the time, I thought that these concerns were exaggerated, because there were very few whites in the eastern parts of Bedford-Stuyvesant and their permanent existence there appeared tenuous (Ethnographic Research 2011). Cypress Hills is home to Highland Park which officially opened in 1903. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. From 1980 to 2000, the number of whites slightly increased while the number of Blacks remained almost the same (U.S. Census Survey, 19802000). 9). 5). 1, it is obvious that most census tracts are no longer majority Black. Whats Happened to the People? Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Brooklyn, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09499-y, Gentrification, White Encroachment, and the Policing of Black Residents in Washington, DC. By the late 1940s, African Americans comprised the majority in downtown Brooklyn, Fort Greene, Clinton Hill, Prospect Heights, Bedford Stuyvesant, and Crown Heights (Connolly 1977; Pritchett 2002; Woodsworth 2016). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Perlstein, R. (2008). Logan, J. R., Stults, B. J., & Farley, R. (2004). The Black population increased steadily from 1940 to 2000. With more than 2.6 million residents, if Brooklyn was a city, it would be the fourth largest in the USA. Black population in each borough of New York City, 19002018. You can unsubscribe with one-click at any time. Source: U.S. Census Surveys, 19002000, and Five-Year American Community Surveys, 20092018, Race and ethnicity in Brooklyn, 19402018. They have been flooding certain less affluent areas in Brooklyn since the beginning of the 2000s. Although I worked in various parts of Bed-Stuy, I regularly conducted participant-observation research in the area between Gates Avenue and DeKalb Avenue on Malcolm X Boulevard. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Race, class, and gentrification in Harlem since 1980. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. African Americans and gentrification in Washington, DC: race, class and social justice in the nations capital. African Americans were unable to move in large numbers to the rest of Brooklyn. Hi everyone. Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: two decades of change. They analyze the order custom research papers cheap research papers is paramount, we urge students to find cheap research papers with your disposal all year long, you have at. Community care, lamentably, is often only considered in times of crisis, which Tobar hopes to one day move away from. This summer, rent increases in New York City broke records, forcing renters in Brooklyn and Manhattan to put down more than 50 percent of their income toward rent, which is simply untenable for the many New Yorkers living paycheck to paycheckand who are still vulnerable to the physical and financial risks caused by the pandemic. Harlem became the neighborhood where most Black New Yorkers lived and this is when Harlem was imagined as a symbol of Black life and the capital of Black America (Fearnley and Matlin 2019). 4), which is the home of more people of African descent than any other contiguous area in the USA (Fig. Gentrification is one of the most emotionally loaded words in Brooklyn. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. In historically Black neighborhoods, owners selling their homes on the open market have to grapple with the fact that accepting the highest bid . As African Americans encountered housing shortages and racial barriers, they moved to the limited number of areas that they could. Its very hard right now for the vast majority of New Yorkers. In a general sense, neighborhood defense was an effort to maintain the racial exclusivity of white neighborhoods during a period of political mobilizations by African Americans demanding equality. Become a free or sustaining member to read unlimited articles, webinars and ebooks. Subscribe now and never miss a story. The gentrification of Brooklyn is oh so very real. Berkeley: University of California Press. Its like, okay enough of that. Middle- and upper-middle class whites are increasingly relocating to certain African American neighborhoods displacing and replacing Black people (Chronopoulos 2016, 2019; Hyra 2017; Prince 2014). By 1980, most whites had abandoned Black Brooklyn (Fig. Moreover, approximately 40% of households in North Black Brooklyn, Black Brooklyn, and Brooklyn have changed tenancy during the same period (Fig. Cypress Hills may refer to: . In West and North Brooklyn, the interaction index of whites with Blacks is extremely low while in Black Brooklyn, the interaction index is currently 54.3. 7) was in existence. For example, in East New York, the industrial quadrant located in the northwest part of the neighborhood was the first to be occupied by Blacks and Puerto Ricans. Eventually, these police officers would separate into small groups and stop, question, and frisk people in the street. A selection of suggested materials is included below. Learn more about us . In 1960, East New Yorks population was overwhelmingly white. Between 1940 and 2000, the white population of Brooklyn declined by 67%; the Black population increased by 682.9% (Fig. Since the early 1900s, Brooklyn has been undergoing gentrification with the help of several pro-gentrification policies such as "segregation, redlining, urban renewal, planned shrinkage/catastrophic disinvestment, de-industrialization, mass criminalization, HOPE VI,2 the foreclosure crisis, and gentrification" (Boston, 2020). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. New York: Columbia University Press. Gentrification can undeniably have negative consequences on a societal level, but an individual's seeded misapprehension of its assumed advantages is the conflict that must be equally addressed.. Brownsville became one of the few places in New York where Blacks could move. And these demographic trends were hardly the natural outcome of a large number of Southern Blacks moving to Black Brooklyn and a large number of whites moving out of Black Brooklyn. White Brooklynites increasingly became involved in projects that sought to reassert racial domination and spatial separation. The isolation index of Blacks in relation to whites in census tracts has also declined, mainly because the number of whites has increased and the number of Blacks has declined. Finally, the declining figures of the interaction index of whites and Blacks make the impression that Brooklyn is desegregating questionable. All members are automatically signed-up to our email newsletter. Urban Geography, 30(2), 118142. Youre signed-up for browser notifications of new stories. However, these declines are not as substantial and more importantly the segregated century has not ended, instead, it is getting longer. Melvin Rivera, a housing and social rights activist and longtime Bushwick resident, agrees with Travishis fellow member of political art collective Mi Casa No Es Su Casa (also known as Mi Casa Resiste)and can attest that this transformation didnt happen overnight. This is not a paywall. Hyra, D. (2017). Blacks in this area are still experiencing isolation, though to a much lesser degree than 18years ago. The back-to-the-city movement: neighbourhood redevelopment and processes of political and cultural displacement. Now, they had to make sure that their neighbors could survive there as they sheltered in place. 21). Eastern Brooklyn has some of the city's highest rates of foreclosure. Tobar, another longterm Bushwick resident, is also a community partner with Mayday Space, a movement project and organizing center in the neighborhood, and an advisory board member of the Bushwick Housing Independence Project (BHIP). It saw $210 million in deals in 2017, a 31 percent increase from $160 million the year before. Somewhat distant from Manhattan, Cypress Hills is suitable for those looking for larger spaces at an affordable cost, without totally trading in urban life for the 'burbs. If we take into consideration, the block groups rather than the census tracts of the areas, the declines are more modest. It's the latest wave of gentrification as millennials with money take over the borough. Race, class, and politics in the cappuccino city. Today, however, its characterized more by its music and art scene, populated by out-of-state transplants and young professionals. 1, 2, and 4) and North Black Brooklyn. Journal of African American Studies, 20(34), 294322. Free gifts cannot be shipped to locations outside of the United States, Canadaand Mexico. This is actually a high figure given that the number of Blacks living in West and North Brooklyn is very small (Fig. The isolation index of Blacks in relation to whites has declined in gentrifying areas, though it still remains high, especially after the large influx of whites. Whites began to move in larger numbers to some Black neighborhoods in the 1990s, though this movement accelerated in the twenty-first century. In recent decades, the western and northern parts of Brooklyn are among the most rapidly gentrifying areas in the USA and this has a ripple effect in Black Brooklyn where majority Black neighborhoods are in the process of becoming majority white. Delmont, M. F. (2016). For decades, these advocates fought to keep their neighborsmany of whom are longtime residents going back multiple generationsin their homes amid an increasingly volatile housing market. 19). In the beginning of the film My Brooklyn (2012), Jamel Shabazz, one of the greatest photographers of New York City, shows a number of photographs that he has been taking since the mid-1970s. My methodology includes spatial analysis accompanied by the reading and making of maps; the reading of primary and secondary writings about these areas of Brooklyn; ethnographic research conducted in various parts of Brooklyn since the late 1990s; and the use of quantitative data in order to demonstrate the patterns of gentrification, racial segregation, and demographic shifts. The problem with keeping most longtime residents in their homes is that, because Brooklyn is more of a renters market, it makes it harder to protect residents from the whims of predatory landlords. West and North Brooklyn (Fig. White gentrifiers are not as interested in moving to the southern and eastern parts of Black Brooklyn, some of which are more suburban and in general far from the choice neighborhoods of Brooklyn or Manhattan. 2). While percentages and actual numbers are not measures of racial segregation, the trends are important when it comes to gentrification. Race, Status, and Attitudes of Washington DC Residents toward Gentrification, Still the Linchpin: Segregation and Stratification in the USA, Haven to the East, Haven to the North: Great Barrington and Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Multiethnic Uprisings in Urban America and their Implications for Progress, Religion in Civil Society: The Influence of Black Religious Ecology on Crime in the South, Streetscapes and stereotyping: streets named after Martin Luther King, Jr., and the geographies of racial identity, Black Lives Matter, and Yes, You are Racist: The Parallelism of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Woodsworth, M. (2016). Focusing on the racial segregation of Blacks in relation to whites, Glaeser and Vigdor argued that American cities are more integrated than during any other time since 1910, that all-white neighborhoods no longer exist, that gentrification, immigration, and Black suburbanization are undermining historically high degrees of segregation, and that ghetto neighborhoods are becoming more diverse (Glaeser and Vigdor 2012). Google Scholar. There is also a very small percentage of Blacks living in other parts of Brooklyn. During that time, E4F faced managing voyeurs who had flocked to the neighborhood to observe a community in crisis. 17). Not only was there no effort to integrate housing but also, once Moses and his staff realized that opposition to public housing in white Catholic areas could lead to a political backlash, they focused on constructing such housing in Black, Latinx, and Jewish areas (Schwartz 1993). Fearnley, A. M., & Matlin, D. In West and North Brooklyn, the decline was more modest from 55 in 2000 to 50.8 in 2018. Still, the question remains. In Flatbush, the Brooklyn neighborhood that had become a Covid-19 hotspot, frontline group Equality for Flatbush (E4F) took on a new role in the community. The housing justice movement across Brooklyn needs allies, especially among newer residents (including those who took advantage of the fallen rent prices. There are also two larger middle-class areas. - 89.185.232.144. How do we move forward? Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. New York: Scribner. The interaction of whites with Blacks. Since 2010, almost half of housing units in North and West Brooklyn and Northwest Black Brooklyn have changed tenancy. Co-Operative Platform Ownership Is Keeping Artists in Business, Metro Boston to Get More Creative with City Planning, German Artists Are Selling Their Work to Fund Housing for the Homeless, 3 Cities Make Affordable Housing Plays to Hold on to Artists, Chester Artists Revitalizing Corridor on Their Own Terms, In New York, Chinatowns Cultural Power Steps Out of the Basements and Into the Mainstream, These Lawsuits Could Turn The Tide On Section 8 Discrimination, Local Laws Against Income Discrimination Arent Enough To Protect Residents, The Weekly Wrap: Supreme Court Opens The Doors For Fossil Fuel Lawsuits, A Chicago Nonprofit Shows How To Create An Aboveground Railroad For Migrants. I love reading our uplifting articles about mutually beneficial projects in cities where artists are elevated. The end of the segregated century: Racial separation in Americas neighborhoods, 18902010. Book This persistence of racial segregation in a time of gentrification raises many questions about the two processes and the effects that they have on African Americans. It resulted in the hoarding of benefits and resources by white populations through the denunciation of Black advancement and the embrace of political entrepreneurs from the right (C. Anderson 2016; Delmont 2016; Hannah-Jones 2012; Perlstein 2008). the countrys first epicenter of the Covid-19 pandemic, the poster-child for gentrification in America, police presence, surveillance and criminalization, had nearly returned to a pre-pandemic high, Cities for People, Not for Profit: Gentrification and Housing Activism in Bushwick. Canarsie: the Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against liberalism. City & Community, 12(2), 160168. The HOLC under the advice of real estate interests and banks, graded and color-coded neighborhoods according to desirability and produced maps (Hillier 2003). As the rents of North Brooklyn (neighborhoods such as Williamsburg and Greenpoint) increased, many whites began to move to East Williamsburg and Bushwick. Hillier, A. E. (2003). Chronopoulos, T. (2014a). At the macro-level, when it comes to gentrification and racial segregation, Black Brooklyn is compared to West and North Brooklyn and to the entire borough of Brooklyn. Fewer Brooklynites are being spared the consequences of the bloated housing markets latest turn, so it pays to be in community with their neighbors. This area is experiencing the most extreme gentrification pressures in Black Brooklyn and recently became majority white (Fig. No longer want to be notified? The Bottom Line covers financial topics including cooperatives, CDFIs, procurement, workforce development, economic development, and more. In most of West Brooklyn, neighborhood defense was not as extreme, though in some sections such as Carroll Gardens, this occurred. J Afr Am St 24, 549572 (2020). The funds were used to rent out hotel rooms for people arrested during protests and released late at night, distribute money for MetroCards, and run a cop watch to monitor police violence against both housed and unhoused neighbors. Detectives from Brooklyn and NYPD Crime Scene Unit investigate a fatal shooting 111 Dinsmore Place in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn on Monday, April 24. Median household income based on the race and ethnicity of the householder(s) in 2018 (adjusted to 2015U.S. dollars). Boyd, M. (2008). Pattillo, M. (2007). For example, in Northwest Black Brooklyn, the index has declined from 44.4 in 2000 to 35.1 in 2018. 12). New York: Routledge. NYU's Furman Center, in a report released Monday, identified 15 neighborhoods that can be classified as "gentrifying" areas that were relatively low-income in 1990, but then experienced higher. I want to get to that point as a community where I see more people in my neighborhood and my street enjoying the efforts of all that work. This means that 77.4% of Blacks (or whites) would have to move in order to achieve complete desegregation. Yet, the patterns of racial segregation are reproducing themselves. High numbers indicate that the Black population of an area is racially isolated. ), After the urban crisis: New York and the rise of inequality (pp. Percentage of Blacks in Brooklyn. New York City in general is being gentrified". Something has to affect them directly. From there, some whites moved to the central and eastern parts of Bedford-Stuyvesant. Facing discrimination from financial institutions and real estate agencies and wanting to rebuild historic Black neighborhoods, middle-class African Americans moved in large numbers to low-income areas from the 1970s onward (Boyd 2008; Chronopoulos 2016, 2019; Pattillo 2007, 2013). Why busing failed: race, media, and the national resistance to school desegregation. In Northwest Black Brooklyn, it declined from 65.3 in 2000 to 31.9 in 2018. Racial segregation signifies the spatial maldistribution of government resources, municipal services, economic opportunities, and life chances. Then they rebuild and refurbish the homes, and now, they figure, Hey, instead of renting to this multigenerational family that lives here at $1,200, we could start renting individual rooms at $1,000-1,200 each. Consequently, property values rise, often pushing low- and moderate-income homeowners to foreclose on taxes. There are two reasons for this: first, many areas of Black Brooklyn are still not experiencing extreme gentrification pressures and second, the city government rebuilt portions of New York including Black Brooklyn after 1985 and constructed subsidized housing for low- and moderate-income people (Chronopoulos 2017). The most substantial decline was from 1950 to 1980. Were all just doing the best we can.. Both Northwest and North Black Brooklyn are parts of Black Brooklyn. In C. Agee & T. Chronopoulos (Eds. 3) and downtown Brooklyn, one of the most popular destinations for Black New Yorkers in the last 80years, is now dominated by commercial establishments that have little to do with Black culture. Black Brooklyn comprises of the following neighborhoods: Fort Greene, Clinton Hill, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, Brownsville, Ocean Hill, East New York, Canarsie, Flatlands, East Flatbush, Flatbush, parts of Bushwick, and parts of downtown Brooklyn. The housing justice movement across Brooklyn needs allies, especially among newer residents (including those who took advantage of the fallen rent prices, only for them to rebound). First, I subdivide Black Brooklyn, Brooklyn, West and North Brooklyn, and Northwest Black Brooklyn into census tracts and measure racial segregation since 1970. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Survey of 2000, Percentage of people performing managerial and professional specialty occupations. The median household income of Asians was also high, though the number of Asians in this area is still very low. By August 2021, the median asking rent in Brooklyn had nearly returned to a pre-pandemic high, according to StreetEasy data. This is one of the most rapidly gentrifying areas not only in Brooklyn (or New York City) but also the USA. Between 2000 and 2018, the isolation index declined from 93.5 to 87.3 in Black Brooklyn, from 87.7 to 79.5 in Brooklyn, from 49.6 to 39.5 in West and North Brooklyn, and from 85.1 to 56.9 in Northwest Black Brooklyn (Fig. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 7 and 8). 5 and 10). Dissimilarity index at the block group level, 20002018. Gentrification implies that more affluent populations replace or displace low- and moderate-income people from their neighborhoods. 16). Now, people are understanding that this is just the beginning of it being inaccessible for everyone, says Mi Casa member Cynthia Tobar, the housing justice advocate behind the oral history project Cities for People, Not for Profit: Gentrification and Housing Activism in Bushwick. The very people who come into these neighborhoods and gentrify are being outpriced and stay a shorter time because they cant afford it. Because it gets exhausting, and I think its long overdue for people.. Manhattan projects: the rise and fall of urban renewal in cold war New York. In 2011, I spent 4months conducting ethnographic research in Bedford Stuyvesant. The isolation index of Blacks in each area, which is the probability that a Black person shares a unit area with a white person (or with a Black person). Tanya Golash-Boza, Hyunsu Oh & Robert Kane, Sidney L. Holt, Ana Mara del Ro-Gonzlez, Lisa Bowleg, Journal of African American Studies Geographers and other social scientists have discovered that since the 1970s, a few Black neighborhoods experienced gentrification pressures and that the gentrifiers were usually middle-class African Americans (Boyd 2008; Moore 2009; Pattillo 2007). This continued to be the case, even as their numbers and their incomes increased. Percentages of householders moving into housing units by decade (this figure includes newly built housing units). But Furman defined "gentrifying" as being low-income in 1990 and experiencing above-average rent increases through 2014. This summer, rent increases in New York City, And with rent prices at an all-time high, and soaring inflation raising prices, Now, people are understanding that this is just the beginning of it being inaccessible for everyone, says Mi Casa member Cynthia Tobar, the housing justice advocate behind the oral history project , Tobar, another longterm Bushwick resident, is also a community partner with.

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