Lindeman M (1998) Motivation, cognition and pseudoscience. Graphology, or handwriting analysis, is the allegedly scientific practice of determining people's psychological, social, occupational and medical attributes, as well their moral stature, from the configuration of their letters, lines, and paragraphs on a page. Therefore, writing is a process that requires the integration of visual, proprioceptive (kinesthetic and haptic) and tactile functions for it to be completed [58]. digital resources find digital datasheets resources. carried out five studies, which respectively revealed that job advertisements rarely require handwritten letters; these are seldom used for the analysis of handwriting; it has been overestimated the frequency with which handwritten letters are graphologically analysed; whether handwritten letters are requested, the candidates are expected to be examined also through handwriting analysis; finally, the evaluation of handwriting in personnel selection would seem to be overestimated by the candidates with respect to its use [28]. Harel S, Holtzman M, Jurgenson U, Reider I, Feinsod M (1985) Cerebellar astrocytoma presenting as deterioration of handwriting in a child. In the period of Imperial Rome, Suetonius believed that to understand the character of Augustus it would have been useful to get information from the study of his handwriting. The term derives etymologically from the Greek, consisting of the word graph meaning to write and logos signifying word, study, therefore graphology is the study of writing. Bruchon Schweitzer M, Ferrieux D (1991) Une enquete sur le recruitement en France. Graphologist Definition have started from the hypothesis that depressed patients drew and wrote much more slowly than the control groups as already shown by other studies, and examined 37 depressed patients and 37 healthy individuals [59]. Graphology is the analysis of human personality through handwriting. Practices relate to the future prediction are frequently used to describe, categorize and explain the present. However, the rules and definition are derived based on the discussions and views of the people of a Graphological Institute in . The handwriting analysis is characterized as a valuable tool for the dental treatment of so-called difficult patients. Saarinen T, Kujala J, Laaksonen H, Jalava A, Salmelin R (2019) Task-Modulated Corticocortical Synchrony in the Cognitive-Motor Network Supporting Handwriting. Graphology is defined as "The art that expects to find out, due to the characteristics of letters, some of the psychological traits of the writer". In the alteration of this mechanism the motor slowing, for example, represents an important aspect of depression, Mergl et al. Some surveys indicate that it is rather rarely used outside of France, where estimates vary between 38% and 93% of organizations [31, 32]. Outside Europe, in Israel the estimated percentage was 16%, in America it was noted that more than 3,000 companies appealed to graphology in the personnel selection [30]. The extension of the graphological methodology also in the field of dentistry in a survey of 2013 differentiated behaviours and psychological tendencies manifested during the application of the prosthesis in relation to the emotional state [56]. Figure 1: The estimated number of graphologists according to Bradley, set in descending order on the basis of the percentage of graphologists in the active population (millions). Instrumental analysis highlighted specifically a dysfunction of the basal ganglia and/or reduced activity of the sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area as a possible substrate for hand-motor disorders in depression. In our opinion, same subjects can be assessed from the point of view of their handwriting productions at different times, which refer to different conditions. Because psychology is the science of the mind and behavior, it makes logical sense that psychological methods lacking scientific evidence would be disregarded. In 2003, Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Callahan have demonstrated from their studies a certain estrangement between graphology and assessment of intelligence and personality [108]. He started from the assumption of dynamic personality, with emphasis on the need to assess its continuing evolution. 71-85 ISSN: 1137-6368 1. And it is an art because the graphologist has constantly to keep in mind the total context in which . Gawda B (2013) Little evidence for the graphical markers of depression. Carl Gustav Jung (1996) Tipi psicologici. (2007) Parietal Dysgraphia: Characterization of Abnormal Writing Stroke Sequences, Character Formation and Character Recall. People who are into psychology and want to explore a . From the neural perspective, Gimenez et al. (2006) Disability and Depression: Investigating a Complex Relation Using Physical Performance Measures. Anderson N, Witvliet C (2008) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Methods: An international comparison between the Netherlands, the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, and Singapore. James KH (2010) Sensori-motor experience leads to changes in visual processing in the developing brain. It is possible to monitor the handwriting in itinere, that is, at separate times, taking into account the variables that can act and intervene on the human soul. Roux FE, Dufor O, Giussani C, Wamain Y, Draper L et al. Therefore, the assignment of managerial skills would result rather vague and banal for the author, easily found in the thought of the common man. conducted a study focused on the identification of specialized brain areas according to the multiplicity of the representation of the letters such as motoric similarities B vs. P, visual similarities A vs. R, abstract similarities A vs. a [57, 96]. These forms of meditation attested by instrumental data obtained, a brain activation, a regularized activity of the immune system, better intellectual capabilities. Stein Lewinson T (1997) Dynamic disturbances in the handwriting of psychotics (part ii). Teillard A (1968) Lme et lcriture. Van Galen GP (1991) Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory. Salvatore Mazza Eleonora Gaetani assessment center zur identifizierung von. Basic Measures. Dazzi C, Pedrabissi L (2006) Is Graphology valid and reliable? Stoodley C, Schmahmann J (2009) Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. With the study of handwriting some paradoxes of a persons character can be comprehended through graphology. Nikolaou I, Judge TA (2007) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Techniques in Greece: The role of core self-evaluations. Murthy JV, Singh S, Shakila R, Shastri M (2013) Comparison of Graphoanalysis with House Method in Prediction of Complete Denture Patients Mental Attitude: A Prospective Comparative Study. contact@sciencerepository.org Bradley N (2002) The applications and prices of Graphology. Segal E, Petrides M (2012) The anterior superior parietal lobule and its interactions with language and motor areas during writing. Introduction Graphology is a linguistic level of analysis that comprises the study of graphic aspects of language1. psychology. Graphology is a technique that allows us to become knowledgeable of ourselves and also explore those who surround us. Graphologists use their skills to analyse the genetic characteristics of a person as well as their behaviour, traits and thought patterns. Ward M (1985) Graphology Enhances education, part 1.10. The present paper highlights the historical and methodological approaches of graphology and its usefulness in human knowledge in order to give a glimpse of the complexity of this discipline. Fogassi L, Gallese V (2004) Action Binding as a Key to Multisensory Integration. (2014) Neuroimaging correlates of handwriting quality as children learn to read and write. The evaluation work undertaken by Michon about the graphological signs and their interpretation generated a certain fascination in Europe that justifies further investigations and assessments by his pupil Jules Crpieux-Jamin who carried on the work of his teacher integrating it with psychological elements. Dean DJ, Teulings HL, Caligiuri M, Mittal VA (2013) Handwriting analysis indicates spontaneous dyskinesias in neuroleptic nave adolescents at high risk for psychosis. The results from the study were a decrease in pressure in people affected by depression and a lengthening of the time of execution of the written in people suffering from depression in comparison with the control group. Planton S, Jucla M, Roux FE, Dmonet JF (2013) The handwriting brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of motor versus orthographic processes. The usefulness of these parameters resides in assessing now, the will of the testators handwriting, by then, before his death, the mental condition of a deceased person. Graphology is the study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character. (2014) Calligraphy and meditation for stress reduction: an experimental comparison. Pantheon Books. This area is usually referred to Exners area that is located within a small area along the lateral convexity of the left frontal lobe and it is identified as a major writing center [90, 93]. In truth, for the graphological international community the theme of the content of the writings is attributed to one area of assessment that is pertinent to the psychology, because it would have more exquisitely subjective and therefore psychological value. One common element, however, between the two points of view of graphology and projective tests is the lack of right or wrong production, in essence it is not among the psychometric instruments. Platon et al. Bollati Boringhieri. Johns Hopkins University Press. Also called hand writing analysis. Handb multisensory Process Cambridge, Mass MIT Press. During its beginnings, Graphology tried to get to know the individual, analyzing the different characters of writing. Mouly S, Mah I, Champion K, Bertin C, Popper P et al. graphology definition: 1. the study of the way people write letters and words, especially in order to discover things. Shackleton, Viv Newell S, Day AL (1994) European management selection methods: A comparison of five countries. On the other hand, it is also reported in the literature that numerous companies of significant size make use of the services of graphology for trace elements and information about personality based on the assumption that handwriting and personality differ from person to person; according to what it is believed, therefore, that in the handwriting emerge aspects and features relating to the person who writes [37]. There is a clear consensus regarding its functional role in writing that some researchers positing that Exners area act as an interface between orthographic or graphemic abstract representations and the generation of motor commands [89, 90]. Singer E (1986) A manual of graphology. These psychic contents, inhabitants of the deepest layers of the human soul, gradually rise to an identical meaning for all the individuals of a particular stock, nation, religion, ethnicity. Crespo Y, Ibaez A, Soriano MF, Iglesias S, Aznarte JI (2019) Handwriting movements for assessment of motor symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder. Some forensic graphologists were then engaged in the examination of the entire handwriting sample that turned out so 150 elements to search for signs graphics empirically measured and related to depression among which the direction of the line, the type of the tract, the conformation respectively of the affective letters and the letters m and n, the inclination, the initial and final traits, the size and the prevailing areas of handwriting. The prevalence and incidence data have not been somewhat easy to obtain since epidemiological studies are scarce. correspond pursuant to the graphologists to specific personality traits, cognitive styles and emotional states. Neuroimaging results indicated that the frontal lobe area showed repeated activation amounting as a region with a condition of high reliability and strong activity during handwriting [90]. In England, the Czech-born Robert Saudek (1880-1935) became interested in experiments of comparison with stroboscopic movement cinema and movement measurement in handwriting, developing a rigorous and mechanized method to define scientifically the concept of speed coming to formulate graphic laws at the base of the graphomotor gesture. In 2014, Kao and colleagues referring in the last three decades to the psychogeometric theory of Chinese character have focused systematically in a study of mental processes and the body resorting to the use of the method of writing Chinese calligraphy [69]. We have gradually focused on the description of the various fields with which, over time until today, the graphologists have dealt according to experimental and epistemological methodologies along a spectrum that ranges from studies on the character, the neuronal and biological correlates, the use in the forensic field, until to the contributions to career counseling and personnel selection. Cambridge University Press 205-232. Pap Present to 7th Br Symp Graphol Oxford. The handwriting process consists of hands stereotyped movements involving two basic motor components, that is, holding firmly a pen with fingers and moving hand and fingers to produce a text. Klages founded at Monaco an institute for the study of characterological psychology [5]. The act of writing draws on the energy and the creative tension inside a metaphorical representation of the inner world. Kristeva J (1994) Soleil noir, quelques aspects de la dpression feminine. Jacobi, J (1973) La psicologia di C. G. Jung. Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE, Adler CH (1997) Parkinsonism Reduces Coordination of Fingers, Wrist, and Arm in Fine Motor Control. Read also: Analysis of Letters It is also known as 'the writing of the brain'. In immersing ourselves in the universe of graphology we became increasingly aware of how much work and dedication has been done. It tried to find the particular differences among individuals. in: P. Herriot. Finally, Brewer has argued that, with respect to nursing care, graphology has been an aid to the understanding and possible hidden inner conflicts in students, nurses and other health professionals [38]. Through her contribution entitled The soul and handwriting new horizons have been opened for graphology combining in an original way the first and in particular the spatial symbolism of Pulver with the depth psychology and the Jungs theory of psychological types. departed from the hypothesis that the tendency to introversion, extroversion, reflection and impulsivity were aspects of personality detectable from an handwriting analysis [54]. These psychoanalysts starting to work together agreed on the existence of a hidden and inaccessible part of consciousness in the human soul: The Unconscious, however from a certain moment onwards their paths began to diverge. These regions are located in: i) the left superior frontal area, ii) the left superior parietal area, iii) primary motor and sensorimotor cortex, iv) the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas, v) right anterior cerebellum, vi) left posterior nucleus of thalamus, vii) ventral premotor area/inferior frontal gyrus, viii) right posterior cerebellum, ix) right superior frontal cortex, x) right inferior parietal lobule, xi) left fusiform gyrus, and xii) left putamen. The researchers started from the general assumption to seize beneficial effects through the use of this writing, particularly on children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity enhancing cognitive abilities, or the recovery of cognitive abilities in patients with Alzheimers disease. ii) The superior parietal lobule (SPL) is critical in guiding the movement of the body in the space, it has been linked with visuospatial and visuomotor neural processes and it is associated with the execution of writing [79-82]. Graphology is a blend of art and science. Dedalo. Responsibilities of Editor and Editorial Board. According to recent surveys, in Italy, Greece and the Netherlands 10% of companies employing graphology in selection, while in Switzerland the percentage stands at 15.8% [28, 33-36]. Graphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies writing and print as systems of signs. We suppose that graphology and psychology could complement each other, and in this perspective, we explore the hypothesis of the existence of a bidirectional relationship between psychology, graphology and neuroscience which allows to gain insight into ourselves and others. In addition, Ward found that the graphotherapy realized through written exercises could exert a positive effect on insomnia of adults favoring a more positive state of mind if repeated over a period of three weeks. (1993) A clinical study of hypergraphia in epilepsy. Giannini M, Pellegrini P, Gori A, Loscalzo Y (2019) Is Graphology Useful in Assessing Major Depression? Bollati Boringhieri. Williams M, Berg Cross G, Berg Cross L (1977) Handwriting Characteristics and Their Relationship to Eysencks Extraversion-Introversion and Kagans Impulsivity-Relfectivity Dimensions. The intent of the present paper was to establish an initial approach to the discipline and to the points of view of graphology through the research of the state of the art over time, starting from its beginnings. 16192 Coastal HWY, Lewes Lowis and Mooney examined whether specific components of the writing of a sample of 100 students could connect to the personality traits and the success that they obtained in written examinations [107]. Ishikawa T, Nemoto M, Nemoto K, Takeuchi T, Numata Y et al. The discrepancy between dissimilar opinions constitutes a stimulus to deepen studies and verifications concerning the complementary use of graphology between the techniques of investigation into the psychological characteristics of the person. The act of writing is a complex cognitive process as it is based on complicated sensory, motor and perceptual functions. In the rest of Europe, particularly in Germany, Ludwig Klages (1872-1956) a philosopher and a psychologist was the leading figure in the field of characterology and tried to perceive the level of fullness of life of the person from studies on handwriting. The authors presented an activation of right cerebellum, in particular it has been reported increased cerebellar activation in the right anterior cerebellum and in the right posterior cerebellum [90]. However, in the evolutionary process of the person, handwriting also leads progressively to a maturation modulating and modeling itself over time. The study may be focused on two or three handwriting samples produced in a period of about one or two months. Handwriting analysis dates back to many centuries ago. Sepapaja tn 6, Harju maakond Editions T. Schfer A (2016) Graphology in German psychiatry (1870-1930). Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters.
