how far inland do hurricanes go in texas

This information is not repeated in this study. Atmospheric conditions: High humidity and weak vertical wind shear can promote intensification, while dry air and strong wind shear can weaken a storm. However once a hurricane moves inland it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. A volume equivalent to 10 to 50 years of sediment was deposited in a few days. Inland hurricanes tend to weaken more rapidly than coastal hurricanes due to increased friction and a lack of energy from warm ocean waters. Literature Review for Mechanisms, Key Factors, and Colonization Effects, Development of a Floating Radiation Measurement System for Underwater Readings in the East Sea of Korea. From 1970 to 1999, a staggering 60% of flood-related fatalities from tropical storms happened inland, away from the initial landfall. Brian Jarvinen, SLOSH expert (retired) at the National Hurricane Center, stated that the 1938 hurricane could have been a borderline category 4 storm just before landfall (Brian Jarvinen, personal communication, 1983). Hurricanes are powerful storms that bring life-threatening hazards to people living in both coastal and inland communities. Topography: Hilly or mountainous terrain can funnel water into valleys, intensifying flooding and increasing the risk of landslides. Many trees uprooted or snapped. (14.7 cm) (National Hurricane Center, 1989). The air mass positions on 21 September 1938 are shown in Figure 17. These winds drew moist air from the southeast, and this moisture moved under and joined that of the hurricane to form a very deep layer of moist air. Never use charcoal indoors because burning charcoal produces high levels of carbon monoxide that can reach lethal levels in enclosed spaces. In 2017, Hurricane Harvey dumped the most rain ever recorded during any weather event in the US, with more than 40 inches falling during the storm's four-day slog across Texas and Louisiana. The city, part of the Mississippi Gulf Coast directly hit by the storm, sustained significant damage. Hurricanes result in severe wind and flooding along the coast. The impact of coastal boundaries and small hills on the precipitation distribution across southern Connecticut and Long Island, New York. Moist air: A moist atmospheric environment can help sustain a hurricanes rainfall and wind impacts farther inland. Make sure to have enough flashlights and batteries, stay away from candles as these could start a fire. Hurricane modification of the offshore bar of Long Island, New York. Hurricanes are common in the eastern Pacific, but they are far less common in the Hawaiian Islands. As many as 250 million trees were downed in a few hours. (B) Damage in localities in western Long Island, New York. Structural damage included a combination of roof stripping (Figure 14A,B), uprooted trees falling on structures (Figure 14C), and gable-end failure on homes (Figure 14D). Read more about the conditions that cause hurricanes to rotate. Meteorologists use satellite data, weather radar, and computer models to monitor these signs and provide accurate forecasts, helping communities prepare for the impending storm. The quantitative relation between rainfall and topography is hard to define. It established the fact that some hurricanes can cause great damage inland. How far inland can a hurricane go, you ask? The effects of large-scale upper level steering currents on the 1938 hurricane. ), Radar image of Hurricane Hugo as it was located over Sumter County. As the first and second wind fields streamed into the valleys, wind speed was increased by the Bernoulli effect (Figure 8A). The hills (a glacial moraine) average about 320 ft (100 m) high. New England experiences most of its hurricanes in September and October. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper. 2 days before landfall: Conditions remain the same. National Weather Service radar at Charleston tracked Hugo's evolution as it moved inland (Figure 12). Winds reached 130160 mi/h (209257 km/h), primarily in areas where winds were channeled through valleys (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1993). Moist air: High humidity in the lower atmosphere contributes to the formation of thunderstorms, which are the building blocks of hurricanes. The 10 min gust factor (Krayer and Marshall, 1991) approached a value of 2.0 because of the presence of the extremely high convective rain-band features (Figure 13) during eyewall passage (Powell, Dodge, and Black, 1991). (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). Trade winds: In the tropics, trade winds typically steer hurricanes from east to west. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland . They pack all the hazards of the planet's atmosphere: torrential rain, lightning, hail, high speed winds, and tornadoes. Concentric rainbands: Heavy rainfall is often concentrated in the hurricanes spiral rainbands, which can produce torrential downpours and localized flooding. Minsinger (1988) reported that the Blue Hill Observatory, just south of Boston, recorded sustained winds of 120 mi/h (193 km/h) for 5 min around 1800 h. Emanuel (2005b) reported that subsequent examination of the record showed wind gusts as high as 186 mi/h (299 km/h) were estimated to have occurred at that site. The references are also specific to the inland areas. Ludlum (1988) reported that the tide reached 14 ft (4.2 m) above mean water. If a hurricane's winds add 15 feet on top of the normal two feet ocean tide, this produces a 17 food storm tide, which can very easily sweep away buildings, trees, cars, and people. Tropical cyclones are circular storms characterized by high winds and heavy rainfall. This rotation contributes to the storms structure, including the formation of the eye, eyewall, and rainbands, which together create the characteristic cyclonic pattern of hurricanes. "Storm Surge Overview." Barrier islands were swept clean of homes, and new tidal inlets formed in the Hamptons, New York (Figure 16D). Understanding the factors that influence hurricane formation, intensity, and inland penetration is essential for developing effective preparedness and mitigation strategies. Warmer ocean temperatures can provide more energy for storm development, potentially leading to more intense hurricanes. You can find your zone in the Florida Storms app by tapping the menu item "Evacuate". Climate change can influence the frequency, intensity, and behavior of hurricanes by altering sea surface temperatures, atmospheric circulation patterns, and other environmental factors. Hurricane-force winds can be felt as far as 150 miles inland, with the strongest and fastest-moving storms reaching farther inland. A hurricanes destructive power is not limited to coastal regions; its impacts can extend far inland, posing significant risks to communities and infrastructure. Click your state below to view offers in your area. Avalanches flowed down existing chutes. The mountainous island of Kauai is a dissected volcano with numerous east-facing slopes and long valleys (Figure 4). Coch, N.K., 2020. (D) James River flood at Richmond, Virginia. What were priority items? Introduction to the Risk Maps. While the short answer is up to 100-200 miles, there's much more to the story. One hundred miles (161 km) inland, Victor Jones, director of public safety for Sumter County (Figure 11), was making preparations for his county as well as provisions for the inevitable evacuees from coastal counties. Sea salt, thrown up by the surf, blew far inland as far as 20 mi (32 km) (Emanuel, 2005a,b). Surprisingly, the phones worked, although the lines were down. August is the most probable month for a hurricane to reach Texas, however storms may occur at any time between early summer and late autumn. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). However, how many have been implemented on our coasts today? Probable causes of shoreline recession and advance on the South Shore of eastern Long Island. Before. Slopes facing north, northeast, and east had the greatest number of these debris avalanches. And the eye of the hurricane is 30 miles in diameter. We'll send you the details of this plan so you can review it again later. Note the sharp contrast between the polar air mass (left) and the tropical air mass (right). They can happen along any U.S. coast or in any territory in the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. Marylin caused severe wind damage on St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Steering winds: Atmospheric circulation patterns can steer a hurricane inland, with its remnants continuing to produce heavy rainfall and gusty winds. And they all begin with calm winds swirling over very calm, warm waters. Emanuel (2005a) described the intensification of the storm and the conditions at landfall. Coch (2015) summarized all the factors that demonstrate that the Long Island shoreline today is in worse shape than it was before the 1938 hurricane. On average, the diameter of hurricane-force winds is about 100 miles. NOAA's National Hurricane Center uses an analysis tool that quantifies those chances called the hurricane return period. This is when a hurricane watch is issued. Terchunian and Merkert (1995) described the opening and closing of barrier breaches that resulted from groin construction at Westhampton Beach, New York. (10.515.5 cm) (Emanuel, 2005b). These organizations included: U.S. Geological Survey Information Service, Smithsonian Institution Archive Center, and the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. Beach and dune erosion: Powerful waves and storm surges can erode beaches and dunes, undermining coastal structures and increasing vulnerability to future storms. South Carolina Governor Caroll Campbell flew over the area, and the American media soon realized that the damage in Sumter County was severe. Inland hurricanes can cause significant damage to urban areas and infrastructure, resulting in power outages, transportation disruptions, and other challenges for communities. Near-total power loss is expected. Williams and Guy (1971) believed that in some places, orography may have contributed to the intense rainfall by funneling the NW-flowing air into the mountain ridges. In Florida, hurricanes have the potential to travel up to 100-200 miles inland. Improved models: Continued development of sophisticated hurricane prediction models can help enhance the accuracy of forecasts, providing earlier warnings and more detailed information on storm impacts. Hurricanes can cause extensive wind damage and spawn tornadoes, resulting in widespread destruction and hazards to communities. The three Hurricane Hugo field studies were aided by the information and logistical support provided by Paul Gayes of the Center for Marine and Wetland Studies of Coastal Carolina University. 26 hours before landfall: First signs of a hurricane appear including falling pressure, light breezes, ocean surface swells of 10-15 feet, and white cirrus clouds on the horizon. As a result, much of the city was destroyed and at least 6,000 people were killed in a few hours. Typically, when a hurricane travels inland, it can no longer collect heat energy from the ocean and quickly reduces to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. Homes in Fort Myers Beach were . According to the 2016 U.S. census, more than 50 million people live in a county on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, and coastal communities anxiously await their fates each hurricane season.Because damaging winds are less likely far inland, the hurricane risk to the interior of the U.S. can be overlooked; however, we know that storms can travel hundreds of miles after . The unprecedented rains in Virginia associated with the remnants of Hurricane Camille. In addition, the trees were still in total bloom in late September and offered maximum resistance to the winds. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(5), 1093-1105. Timely evacuations: Well-coordinated evacuation plans can save lives and reduce the risk of injury during inland hurricanes. Restoration workers, media, and charities made the recovery effort more difficult. (A) Aerial view of radial dispersal of trees. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days or weeks. Decide if you are going to take shelter in place or evacuate. Climate change has the potential to influence hurricane frequency, intensity, and inland penetration, with significant implications for future risk management and preparedness efforts. It had been blocked from turning eastward into the Atlantic by a high-pressure system (Figure 1). Strengthened building codes: Building codes that account for the potential impacts of inland hurricanes can reduce property damage and protect lives. Hurricane Harvey slammed into the Texas coast at Category 4 intensity in 2017 with a destructive storm surge and damaging winds. This radar image reveals that the eastern two-thirds of the county were showing very high reflectivity values of 2650 dB. The storm caused over 100 deaths and an . (A) Shriners Club. Numerous studies have been carried out and published on the winds, storm surges, and damage of these storms at landfall in their coastal areas. (A) Debris avalanche chutes and fans. Late on the afternoon of 19 June 1972, Hurricane Agnes crossed the northwest Florida coast. Thanks also go to the several people who provided archival photos of storm damage. The author is collectively grateful to the eight survivors who provided a first-hand view of the storm experience. In general, their effects decrease in intensity inland. A case study in the effects of coastal engineering structures and beach restoration methods after storms, Westhampton Beach, Long Island, New York. St. Thomas is a mountainous island, with a steep offshore slope similar to Kauai. Turn them on gradually to reduce damage to sensitive equipment. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland. Finally, relief workers must minimize their effect on devastated communities by providing their own housing, food, equipment, and vehicles. This all-in-one bundle provides roughly 7,800 Watt Hours of power for your portable home energy needs. Effective preparedness and mitigation strategies include evacuation planning and emergency response coordination, strengthened building codes, and improvements to critical infrastructure. How far inland do hurricanes go? (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). Meet Richard Buettner, the esteemed editor of GeoAffairs, armed with a Master's degree in Geography and sharing his valuable insights through 25 years of dedicated experience in the field. Rainfall intensity increased rapidly as tropical moisture streamed inland from the Atlantic Ocean. In the case of Hurricane Iniki, the irregular topography inland (Figure 4) created more damage on the lee side. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland . Special thanks go to Victor Jones, director of public safety, Sumter County (retired), who provided a great number of records and photographs about Hurricane Hugo's impact in Sumter County and the problems in recovery. Katrina 2005 (SLOSH Historical Run) These temperature contrasts intensified the wind field and enabled the storm to penetrate further inland at a higher speed than expected. Business damage in Sumter County alone (Figure 14A,B) was 25 million dollars. 100 to 200 miles inland While most residents in Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and other hurricane prone areas understand just how intense hurricane winds and flooding can be, others may not be prepared for the various hazards a hurricane can present. A less well-known feature is that some tropical storms can penetrate deep into the interior and cause severe freshwater flooding . But it was Harvey's agonizingly slow meander over or near the Texas . Additionally, changes in atmospheric conditions may affect the frequency and paths of future storms, with possible implications for inland hurricane penetration and associated impacts. Pierce (1939) showed that there was a continental high to the west and a semipermanent Bermuda High on the east. If you live in a mobile home in a coastal area. Record flooding occurred on New England streams (Figure 16E). The quote below is from Williams and Guy (1971): On the night of August 19 a rare combination of circumstances brought about a rapid intensification of the rain fall in the region just east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, especially around Nelson County, Virginia. Tell us when you're current service will end, and we will email you a reminder two weeks ahead of your service end date. Seventeen days later, a high category 3 hurricane made a landfall on Long Island, New York. How far inland do hurricanes go in Texas? However, with time, these hardened structures would trap sand and increase downdrift erosion along the South Shore of Long Island (Coch, 2009). The influx of nutrients started phytoplankton blooms, causing mahogany tides. Decreases in salinity also affected oyster and clam populations. How far inland do hurricanes go in South Carolina? As a result, the hurricane maintained a distinct eye into northern Vermont. Enhanced rainfall: Warmer air can hold more moisture, potentially leading to heavier rainfall and a greater risk of inland flooding from hurricanes. From the Carolinas northward, Hurricane Agnes was in contact with a midlatitude cyclone (National Weather Service, 2019) on its west side. Prepare to be blown away by fascinating facts and gripping tales of these awe-inspiring forces of nature. Road logStorm damaged areas in central Virginia 1969. On 24 June, the flood crest was 32.6 ft (9.9 m) (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1973). Weaker and smaller storms: Less powerful hurricanes typically weaken more rapidly over land and have a shorter inland reach. Antecedent soil moisture: Saturated soils can exacerbate flooding, as they have a reduced capacity to absorb additional rainfall. Buildings at the top of the island in Princeville were heavily damaged (Figure 7). Turn off water to prevent flooding from broken pipes. Wind-related hazards: Falling trees, debris, and structural damage caused by strong winds can result in injuries and fatalities. Hurricanes that do head to the U.S., often lose strength or dissipate before reaching the west coast due to cooler water and upper-level wind shears. In Nelson County, Virginia, alone (Figure 10c), 150 homes and other buildings, 120 mi (193 km) of roads, 150 bridges and culverts, hundreds of cars and trucks, and 25,000 acres (101,175,000 m2) of cropland were destroyed (Williams and Guy, 1971). On 22 June, the James River at Richmond, Virginia, exceeded the flood levels set by Hurricane Camille in 1969. Adjust refrigerator temperatures to the coldest settings to reduce the potential for food spoiling if the power is temporarily lost. It now becomes a Category 1 hurricane. McCormick (1973) concluded that the coast between Moriches and Shinnecock inlets had receded at an accelerated rate in response to the tidal action at the stabilized inlets. Coastal homes in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island were totally destroyed (Figure 16G). This is because the hurricane was confined by the high-pressure masses on either side and was steered northward by the upper-level winds. The warning signs of an approaching hurricane include a sudden drop in air pressure, unusual ocean swell patterns, rapidly changing cloud formations, and increased frequency of thunderstorms. As Camille arrived, the remnant circulation of the hurricane created a flow of wind in a northwesterly direction at the lower levels. If you are vacationers with young or elderly dependents. Homes sustain major roof and siding damage. Hurricane Ian made landfall as a Category 4 storm on Florida's southwest coast on Wednesday afternoon, sweeping away homes and communities. Catastrophic damage. Flash flooding in Austin and San Antonio metro areas required multiple high water rescues. It is unfortunate that strong convection bands (Figure 13) were present at the same time that Hugo passed over eastern Sumter County. A major problem was in donated goods: Where could they be stored? Enough to keep your critical circuits running for over 2.5 days with no recharge needed. Power outages extensive, lasting weeks to months. Radar images of Hurricane Hugo as it moved inland. 100 to 200 miles inland While most residents in Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and other hurricane prone areas understand just how intense hurricane winds and flooding can be, others may not be prepared for the various hazards a hurricane can present. However, once a hurricane moves inland, it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. This paper presents five different possible causes of hurricane re-intensification. Mountains can induce orographic precipitation that can result in massive debris flows (Hurricane Camille in Nelson County, Virginia, 1969). There was an absence of predonation planning. Keep an eye on your inbox for more information. This created serious logistical problems. (B) Trusedale Studios. Either of these extremely high translational velocities can account for the extreme wind damage of the storm, especially on its right side. Despite weakening, these storms can still cause significant damage, primarily due to torrential rains and flooding. . The forward speed of the 1938 hurricane is shown on Figure 20. Treefall and uprooting were major causes of structural destruction and loss of gas, water, and sewage services. 6 hours before landfall: There will be 90 + mph winds,the storm surge has advanced, and it will be nearly impossible to stand upright outside. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland. The damage was extensive (Figure 14). Storm surge is historically the leading cause of hurricane-related deaths in the . Additionally, ongoing research and advancements in hurricane forecasting can help inform policy decisions and guide targeted preparedness efforts. Overview: Hurricane Camille made landfall along the Mississippi coast as a Category 5 storm and continued inland, causing widespread destruction and flooding. Hurricanes have the potential to travel up to 100 to 200 miles inland. While the peak surge often occurs at the landfall of a storm . Also, allow your generator to cool off before refilling it with gas splashing gas on hot generator components can lead to a fire. In addition to high winds, a hurricane causes high tides. Inland hurricanes can have significant consequences for agriculture and livestock, leading to crop loss, animal fatalities, and economic hardships for farmers. Hurricane Iniki was by far the strongest and most destructive. 24 hours before landfall: Overcast skies, high winds, sea foam on the ocean's surface. Lost productivity: Disruptions to transportation, power, and communication networks can hinder economic activity and reduce productivity. Journal of Coastal Research 1 September 2020; 36 (5): 10931105. As they progress inland, their intensity typically diminishes due to the lack of ocean heat energy. From 18 to 21 September, New England had experienced unprecedented heavy rain. It is important to note that hurricanes have the ability to go 100-200 miles inland. By the morning of 21 June, reports from the Virginia mountain areas recorded 10 in. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper. Slower storm motion: Some research suggests that climate change could cause hurricanes to move more slowly, increasing the potential for prolonged rainfall and inland flooding. After the 1938 hurricane, the U.S. government sponsored a study of the storm by the Federal Writers Project, Works Progress Administration in the New England States (1938). A storm surge is a rise in sea level that occurs during tropical cyclones, intense storms also known as typhoons or hurricanes.The storms produce strong winds that push the water into shore, which can lead to flooding.This makes storm surges very dangerous for coastal regions. This was 2 ft (0.6 m) higher than the water level reached in the 1815 hurricane. Mid-latitude westerlies: In higher latitudes, westerly winds can cause hurricanes to recurve to the northeast. The rainfall caused massive stream flooding as well. Wind channeling is shown in valleys at points 1 and 2. Note that both the first and second wind fields were channeled down the valleys in the left part of the map (Figure 5). Emergency services: Swift and efficient emergency response efforts can help communities recover more quickly and minimize the long-term impacts of hurricane damage. It then turned northward and then northeastward and exited the United States (Figure 1). On that day, a polar air mass had moved south and was colliding with the tropical air in the hurricane to the east (Figure 18). This is greatly due to the dry, hot winds that are blown westward from the Saharan desert. (A) Wind channeling through valleys increases wind velocity. At the coast, damage from surge and wind was monumental, but the rainfall was only 5 in. 74 mph, the storm develops an eye-wall (a hollow, calm spot in the storm's rotation). Pierce (1939) explained the role of the temperature difference across the wind field. Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences City University Graduate School and University Center New York, NY 10036, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Dept. Strength and Classification of Hurricanes, Steering winds and atmospheric circulation, Rainfall patterns associated with hurricanes, Wind impacts on structures and vegetation, Influence on hurricane frequency and Intensity, Potential for increased inland penetration, Evacuation planning and emergency response, Building Codes and infrastructure resilience. Track changes in Hurricane Agnes. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). Eye: The calm, clear center of the hurricane, where air pressure is the lowest and winds are relatively light. Explore the table below to learn when hurricanes form in different regions, including the start and end of each season. The 1938 hurricane and its effects on Long Island beach protection structures. hurricanes can travel up to 200 miles inland, conditions that cause hurricanes to rotate, The Response of Hurricane Inland Penetration to the Nearshore Translation Speed. The hurricane then moved northward through the lower Midwest and then turned eastward towards the coast. However, they concluded that the effect of orography on the rainfall is difficult to determine. Eyewall: A ring of towering thunderstorms surrounding the eye, the eyewall is the most dangerous part of the hurricane, with the strongest winds and heaviest rainfall. A detailed picture of tree damage in the 1938 Hurricane was given by Wessels (1997). Water condenses out of the clouds as rain. Please enter your current service end date, Please tell us about your current energy provider (optional), Already a customer? Hurricanes can travel inland as far as 100 to 200 miles. The meteorological history of the New England Hurricane of September 21, 1938. Coastal flooding can reach far inland, tens of miles from the shoreline. In recent years, inland freshwater flooding has emerged as the deadliest peril linked to tropical cyclones. Rainfall map for Hurricane Agnes. Hurricane Agnes was noteworthy in that it caused contemporaneous flooding in a number of river basins, including the James, Potomac, Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Genesee, and Upper OhioAlleghany/Monongahela Rivers. Displacement and loss: Evacuation, property damage, and the loss of possessions can contribute to feelings of helplessness and despair, exacerbating mental health challenges. Understanding the mechanisms behind hurricane formation, path, and inland progression is essential for effective preparedness and mitigation strategies. Property damage: The destruction of homes, businesses, and infrastructure results in significant repair and replacement costs. Even if you have ventilation, never use a generator indoors. Strong areas of convection (reflectivity of 3450 dB) were still occurring in the rain bands as the storm moved far inland. Unique vulnerability of the New YorkNew Jersey Metropolitan area to Hurricane destruction. However once a hurricane moves inland it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. The Federal Writer's suggestions were good ones. With a flood stage of 9 ft (2.7 m), the James River reached a flood crest of 36.5 ft (12.1 m). On 4 September 1938, a French observer noted a gentle wind shift and an easterly wave passing over an oasis in the Sahara Desert. At this time, there are occasional intrusions of polar air into the region. Emanuel (2005a) noted that the death toll was so high because most residents were asleep during the unpredicted storm. Flow damage to structures. This is for disclaimer and any terms and conditions that we need to show. Please note: this offer can expire and is subject to change at any time. Hours: 8:00am-8:00pm ET Monday-Friday 8:00am-5:00pm ET Saturday Closed Sunday. Two hours later, Victor Jones was faced with massive wind damage in his county, far inland from Hugo's landfall. Tropical Storm Agnes had a profound effect on America's largest estuary, Chesapeake Bay. Tropical cyclones are the most complex and powerful storm systems on Earth. What contribution could orographic rainfall have contributed as Camille passed over the Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains? Insurance costs: The financial burden of hurricane-related losses can drive up insurance premiums, making coverage more expensive for homeowners and businesses. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland. In most coastal landfalling hurricanes, storm surge is a strong component of the water column. Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'Inland Damage from Hurricanes' and will not need an account to access the content. The wind speed in Sumter County exceeded that in the landfall of Hugo in Charleston!

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