what is a group of bandits called

William M. "Bill" Dalton, born in 1866, was an outlaw as well and mainly rode . A beauteous gypsy by the name of Venus (Claudia Cardinale) sacrifices her own life to save Cartouche from harm. Political banditry often required outside support to be successful. DROVER: Term commonly used in the 1870s and 80s for a working cowboy engaged in trailing longhorns to market or a new range. Such actions served as a warning or an unambiguous omen of further action. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. Cambridge, U.K., 1977. Encyclopedia of European Social History. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. Modern research has tried to debunk this myth, but largely to no avail. Calculated arbitrariness in imposing one's will and extravagant generosity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. First, bandites d'honneur, heroes of the vendetta, exponents of personal honor on the periphery of society, are always presented on the horizon of the past, as traces of a nostalgic world that has been lost forever. Bandits in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina operated in a similar fashion. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. Banditry is an aggressive form of illegality and of adventurist capital accumulation found in certain social contexts, especially those marked by insecurity and violence; in this sense it is a product of political economy. Encyclopedia.com. see also one-armed bandit banditry / bndtri/ noun [noncount] They were charged with banditry and smuggling. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [31] However, such patronage did not guarantee immunity. Privateering could be shady business, and this accounts for some of the lexical overlap with the word pirate. Not all of those creatures are particularly social or hang out in groups, but for those that do, youre treated to schools and fevers. However, banditry also arose because throughout Latin American history, elite rule restricted access to economic opportunity and political expression. In Spain, Sicily, Greece, and Corsica (and, on the other side of the Atlantic, in Latin America), bandits became important literary, as well as operatic and iconic, subjects. Caught in the act of stealing two oxen, he fled into the depths of the Essex countryside to save himself. Eric J. Hobsbawm coined the term "social bandits" to describe Robin Hood-style outlaws who championed the oppressed peasants. They were known as train and bank robbers. ." Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as "Imperial ban". Some outlaws gained reputations as social bandits and were celebrated in folklore and music. These so-called bandits, which operate in Nigeria's northwest, are "terrorizing civilians, destabilising the region, and empowering jihadists," a report published in Foreign Policy said. Translated by Sin Reynolds. What are the 4 bandits names? 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . In the nineteenth-century Mediterranean, banditry was particularly strong where pastoralists occupied an intermediate position between small-scale cultivators and large-scale proprietors, as in northern Greece, or where overseers and sharecroppers occupied that position, as in rural Sicily, but also where pastoralism was prominent in its own right, as in Sardinia and Corsica. The penal policy of the early modern state (public executions, large-scale patrols, printed lists of wanted persons) is a proof of this perennial threat. bandit noun [ C ] us / bn.dt / uk / bn.dt / a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people traveling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman They personalize the mafioso's or bandit's power and prepotency, generate respect, and emphasize his inalienable symbolic capital. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. Robbery, kidnapping, and murder all qualify as piratical activities, provided there's some water and a boat involved. Banditry tended to appear less frequently in areas with large masses of rural proletarians, such as Puglia in southern Italy. ." He further expanded the field in the 1969 study Bandits. Sciascia, Leonardo. Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. When England seized Jamaica from Spain in 1655, the buccaneers resettled there. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Social Memory. Fears of banditry of this sort surfaced in 1789, during the French Revolution, and helped trigger rural risings. Between 1860 and 1870 more lives were lost during the Italian army's campaign in southern Italy against peasant brigandage than in the war of unification. Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice). Bandits prevented and suppressed peasant mobility by putting down collective peasant action through terror and by carving out avenues of individual social mobility that weakened collective action. So a murder of crows is one of the coolest (or at least memorable) animal group names. A particular feature of the German underworld of the eighteenth century is the rather high proportion of Jews among organized robbers. The Colombian Violencia offers another example of banditry, which even Hobsbawm acknowledges to be "in essence more political than social." Marginal rural people became guerrilla bandits, drawn to war by coercion or by promises of booty. The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. Paris, 1861. Through a well-planned raid, Ning Gao, a client of another powerful eunuch Liu Jin, successfully wounded and captured Zhang Mao, who was then transported to Beijing and executed. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). Richard W. Slatta, ed., Bandidos: The Varieties of Latin American Banditry (1987). London and New York, 1988. This interpretation is also problematic since violence reinforces the fragmentation of peasant collective consciousness but is not its direct cause. New York, 1968. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. Political banditry was evident in independence-era Cuba, early-twentieth-century Cajamarca, Peru, and the Colombian Violencia of 19451965, which left between 100,000 and 300,000 people dead. Brigantaggio politico had already emerged as a central feature of Corsican independence strategies against Genoa under Giacinto Paoli and Gian-Pietro Gaffori in the mid-eighteenth century. The term corsair is tied to the Mediterranean Sea, where, from roughly the late 14th century to the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire dueled with the Christian states of Europe for maritime supremacy. Blok asserted that analysis must encompass the wider society within which bandits operated. Translated by Alan Sheridan. In the Mediterranean and elsewhere the circulation of popular accounts of bandits was particularly significant, sometimes interacting in complex ways with the creation of the nation-state's history. Although there are examples of lone bandits, bandits tended to form into fluid bands, sometimes of up to twenty persons. They used their prepotency and violence to protect their kins' interests and thus ensure the support of family against betrayal to the state. The exact origin isnt well known, though it might allude to the crows association with death. Often all these features coexist in particular examples of banditry, although one may be more dominant than the others. El bandolerisme catal. In Andalusia local communists turned nineteenth-century bandits into protorebels in the regional cause, symbols in their devolutionist struggles with Madrid. In it I have a group of men who live in a castle and fight for the castle's lord. In Sicily mafiosi were actively involved in the risorgimento (the nineteenth-century movement for Italian unification), backing the adherents of Giuseppe Garibaldi and managing to wrest effective control of landed estates from the absentee Sicilian aristocracy. Souna Yuuki is a young boy who survives a massacre after his family is killed by a group of bandits called the Hydras, who burn a mark of their emblem into his hand and leaves him to die. As a type of predatory, acquisitive, and violent action by groups of men (sometimes including women), banditry has a long history dating from ancient Greece, Rome, and China. Even Gilbert Joseph, who defends to a degree Hobsbawm's views, agrees that the political strategies of the peasants were not archaic "in the sense of being outmoded or pre-political.". The absence of what Eric J. Hobsbawm has named "social banditry" in some territories led to the popular idealization of ordinary robbers, interpreting their deeds as a primitive form of social protest. However, in some cases it proves difficult to distinguish between ordinary bandits and politically minded heroic outlaws, fighting against the oppressor. Violent retribution was "justice," a private affair not to be reported to the state. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry. Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. Violence and indiscriminate robberies alienated them from the peasantry. The name is derived from the French boucan, a grill for smoking meat, and was first applied to French wild game hunters living in western Hispaniola in the early 17th century. Enter the length or pattern for better results. The age-old conflict between pastoralists and agriculturalists obliged the former to intimidate peasants, especially in the new Greek state, which radically reduced the amount of land available for pasturage and tried to encourage the expansion of the small peasant cultivator class. The band was known as the. Essentialist definitions are not helpful to understanding; yet because what passes as banditry cannot be analytically separated from wide areas of social life, its presentation in discourse is particularly significant. Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. If theres no water and no boat, youre just a regular bandit. Bandit leaders cooperated more often with the powerful, not the humble, elements of society. On the Christian side the Knights of St. John, based in Malta, harassed Muslim commercial shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thief The name Bandit is primarily a gender-neutral name of American origin that means Thief. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry Zugasti, de, J. El Bandolerismo Andaluz. In historical settings where these practices were common, the line between privateer and pirate was blurred. If they existed in modern day times I'd refer to them as soldiers. Seax Falchion Small Spurred Axe Hatchet Sickle Pickaxe . Bandits were often romanticized after the fact by way of rhetoric and texts that circulated with a life of their own, giving the bandits a permanence and potency that transcended their localized domain and transitory nature. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Gorriti, Juana Manuela. Banditry could be a tactic of rural elites as well as the rural poor; outlaw networks often cut across class lines. He started his criminal career in 1602 and even features in Cervantes's Don Quixote (1605, 1615). In the 1962 film classic Cartouche, Jean-Paul Belmondo plays the role of this infamous eighteenth-century French bandit. [20] Robinson points out that "dire economic straits" forced soldiers to use illegal means to make a living. In Europe banditry assumed its most important forms in rural societies, particularly in Mediterranean regions and particularly as property relations changed in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. (April 27, 2023). Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. The major haunts of bandits in the early modern period were the Dalmatian highlands between Venice and Turkey, the vast frontier region of Hungary, Catalonia, the Pyrenees near the French border, and some of the low mountain regions in the Holy Roman Empire (e.g., Spessart, Westerwald). New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. "Bandits and Boundaries in Sardinia." [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. In The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History, edited by Richard J. Evans, pp. The slighted family causes the death of the original offender. In his celebrated book, Bandits (1969), Hobsbawm interpreted them as prepolitical rebels. ." Encyclopedia.com. A gang made up of outlaws and lawmen in the American Old West. Because privateering was generally a more lucrative occupation than military service, it tended to divert manpower and resources away from regular navies. Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. There is, for example, Stenka Razin, the insurgent leader of the Russian poor in the seventeenth century. Rousseau's imagining of the Corsican way of life contains many of the germinal contradictory notions about bandits that developed in romanticism and have retained popular currency. Robber bands, however, as well as vagabonds and gypsies traveling in groups of varying sizes, were both more incalculable and more dangerous. Yet more research is needed. This term is also used when informally referring to a young rabbit. What is a person called who steals? On occasion, economic self-interest and political rebellion came together, as in the case of guerrilla banditry. Pirate is the most general of the four terms. They would sail in privately owned armed ships, robbing merchant vessels and pillaging settlements belonging to a rival country. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. Some of the most notorious corsairs were the Barbary corsairs of North Africa, who were aligned with the Ottoman Empire but were often beyond the empires ability to control them. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. As in many stateless societies, the distinction between the private and the public (that is, civil society) had limited significance. Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Bandit King: Lampio of Brazil (1978). Collective Nouns for Mammals Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. Herzfeld, Michael. The term cow puncher or "puncher" is more commonly used in the southwest. Koliopoulos, Johns. Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless Liberators: Political Banditry and Cuban Independence (1989). Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. The closer one gets to it, the more such positive features appear to recede. Such tales romanticize bandits and ignore their ignoble deeds, such as robbing, terrorizing, and killing peasants. In early-seventeenth-century France the region of Prigord was infested with bandits. In Honour and Grace in Anthropology. Journal ofModern Greek Studies 6 (1988): 269290. Exploring food, architecture in Costa Rica. As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. banditry." Looters are the first-tier infantry for Bandits. History Workshop 33 (1992): 124. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. Thats a lot of legs and thoraxes! Cambridge, U.K., 1988. Social bandits did, in some cases, begin their career with some petty crime or offense that sooner or later brought them in contact with the itinerant underworld. If theres a boat but no water, you need to go back to pirate school. A trader who worked for Queen Philippa of Hainault, the wife of Edward III, was holding some jewels on her behalf in his house in London. Unlike mythical bandits, however, actual gangs acted more often on the basis of self-interest and opportunism than in the defense of peasant-class interests. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. [15] Robinson also points out that many eunuchs in Beijing resorted to banditry. Lampio (Virgolino Ferreira da Silva) and Antnio Silvino in Brazil, Po Romero in Bolivia, and Manuel Garca in Cuba became symbols of popular resistance to oppression. In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term "one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money.[1]. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. If officials labeled revolutionaries as bandits, bandits sometimes professed to have political aims, to cover their crimes with a veneer of legitimacy. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu).

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